Everything about Bus Transport In The United Kingdom totally explained
Buses play a major role in the
public transport of the United Kingdom, as well as seeing extensive private use.
History
The horse bus era
The first omnibus service in the United Kingdom was started by
John Greenwood between Pendleton and Manchester in 1824.
Stagecoach services, sometimes over short distances, had existed for many years. Greenwood's innovation was to offer a service which didn't require booking in advance, and which picked up and set down passengers en route. Greenwood didn't use the term
omnibus, which was first used in France in 1826.
In 1829
George Shillibeer started the first omnibus service in London. Over the next few decades, horse bus services developed in London, Manchester and other cities. They became bigger, and double deck buses were introduced in the 1850s. The growth of suburban railways, and later horse trams (from 1860) and electric trams (from 1885) changed the patterns of horse bus services, but horse buses continued to flourish. By 1900 there were 3,676 horse buses in London.
The first motor buses
There were experiments with
steam buses in the 1830s, but harsh legislation in 1861 virtually eliminated mechanically propelled road transport from Britain until the law was changed in 1896. From 1897 various experimental bus services were operated with petrol-driven vehicles, including a service in Edinburgh which ran from 1898 to 1901. In 1903 motor bus services were started in
Eastbourne, and in the same year a motor bus service was started between Helston and The Lizard by the
Great Western Railway .
Motor bus services grew quickly, and soon eclipsed the horse buses. Early operators were the tramway companies, for example the
British Electric Traction Company, and the railway companies. In London, the horse bus companies, the
London General Omnibus Company and
Thomas Tilling, introduced motor buses in 1902 and 1904, and the National Steam Car Company started steam bus services in 1909. By the time of the First World War, BET had begun to emerge as a national force.
Between the wars
By the time of the First World War, the LGOC had achieved dominance in London, and its two major competitors, Tilling and National (in 1919 renamed National Omnibus and Transport Company) looked elsewhere for expansion. After the war, many bus companies were started by ex-servicemen who had learnt mechanics in the Army. The 1920s were an era of intense competition, but BET, Tilling and National gradually acquired more companies. Tilling had shares in BET as well as competing with BET, and in 1928 the two companies formed Tilling & British Automobile Traction Co., which continued its acquisitions. At the end of the 1920s the railways mostly ceased direct bus operation, but acquired interests in many bus companies. The National transferred its operations to three companies jointly owned with the railways, Eastern National,
Southern National and
Western National.
The
Road Traffic Act 1930 ended the period of competition and introduced a new system of regulation of bus services. One effect was to eliminate many of the smaller operators. In 1931, Tilling acquired control of the National. In England outside London and towns where municipalities ran their own buses, the industry was dominated by Tilling, BET and their joint company TBAT. In Scotland,
Scottish Motor Traction came to be the dominant force.
In London, including the surrounding area up to 30 miles from London, bus services were effectively nationalised in 1933, when operations were compulsorily transferred to the new
London Passenger Transport Board.
In 1942, TBAT was wound up, and its companies transferred to Tilling.
Nationalisation
The post-war Labour government embarked on a programme of nationalisation of transport. Under the
Transport Act 1947, the
British Transport Commission acquired the bus services of Thomas Tilling,
Scottish Motor Traction and the large independent
Red & White. By the nationalisation of the railways, the BTC also acquired interests in many of BET's bus companies, but BET wasn't forced to sell its companies and they were not nationalised.
In 1962 the BTC's bus companies were transferred to the
Transport Holding Company. Then in 1968 BET sold its UK bus companies to the Transport Holding Company. Almost all of the UK bus industry was by then owned by the government or by municipalities.
Bus passenger numbers declined in the 1960s. The
Transport Act 1968 was an attempt to rationalise publicly owned bus services and provide a framework for the subsidy of uneconomic but socially necessary services. The Act:
Privatisation
In 1980 the new
Thatcher government embarked on a programme of
deregulation and
privatisation of bus services. The National Bus Company and Scottish Transport Group divided some of their larger subsidiaries into more saleable units. In 1986, under the
Transport Act 1985, all bus services apart from those in London and Northern Ireland were deregulated. The NBC's and STG's subsidiaries were then sold, in most cases to their management and employees.
Bus services in London were transferred to a new company,
London Buses in 1984, split into smaller companies in 1989 and then privatised. The PTEs were also required to sell their bus operations. Local authorities had to transfer their buses to arms length companies, some of which (but not all) were sold off.
Post deregulation, the intended model had been for competition between private companies to increase services. Regulations prevented neighbouring state owned companies being sold to the same concern, to create a 'patch-work' distribution of the operating areas. Competition law prevented private companies acquiring more than a certain percentage of geographical market share.
Competition did occur in many areas, in some cases causing
bus wars. However, many of the smaller start up operators were bought up by their larger neighbours after a few years. After some initial mergers, five large bus groups emerged - two (
First Group and
Go-Ahead Group) were formed from NBC bus companies sold to their managements, two (
Stagecoach and
Arriva) were independent companies which pursued aggressive acquisition policies, and
National Express was the privatised coach operator which diversified into bus operation.
In the early 1990s it seemed all services would fall into the hands of the few major groups, but recent trends have seen the disposal of relatively large companies where revenues don't meet shareholder expectations. The Stagecoach Group went so far as to dispose of its two large London operations, citing the inability to grow the business within the London regulated structure.
Some large overseas groups have also entered the UK bus market.
Regulation
Today, bus service provision for public transport in the UK is regulated in a variety of ways. Bus transport in London is regulated by
Transport for London. Bus transport in some large conurbations is regulated by
Passenger Transport Executives. Bus transport elsewhere in the country must meet the requirements of the local
Traffic Commissioner, and run to their registered service. Under the free market, the bar to entry into public bus service operation is aimed to be as low as possible.
In Northern Ireland, coach, bus (and rail) services remain state-owned and are provided by
Translink.
Using the example of bus passenger growth seen in London under the changes made by
Transport for London, several parties have advocated a return to increased regulation of bus services along the London model.
The
Transport Act 2000 made certain provisions for increased cooperation between local authorities and bus operators to take measures to improve services, such cooperation was previously barred under competition law. Under the act, Quality Bus Partnerships were enabled, although this had limited success. In
Cardiff, the first
Statutory Quality Bus Partnership has been used, with the introduction of new buses on
Cardiff Bus routes. The Act also included measures allowing the registration of variable route services, as demand responsive transport.
In 2004, regulations were amended to further allow fully flexible
demand responsive transport bus services.
Changes to regulations regarding bus operation are proposed in the
2007 Local Transport Bill.
Operating companies
While most bus operating companies are private, some are operated as community based or not for profit entities, or as local authority arms length companies, as
municipal bus companies.
The majority of bus services in both urban and rural areas are now run by subsidiaries of a few major bus groups, many of which also hold the franchises to many
train operating companies and
light rail systems.
Types in use
Historically, full size
single and
double-decker buses formed the mainstay of the UK bus fleet.
In the 1980s, minibuses were developed from so-called, 'van-derived' minubus chassis, such as the
Ford Transit and the
Freight Rover Sherpa. As their popularity increased, designs have become more bus focused, with the numerous Merceded Benz models.
Following abortive purpose built designs such as the
Bedford JJL, and the limited use of shortened chassis such as the
Seddon Pennine and
Dennis Domino, the
Dennis Dart introduced the concept of the
midibus to the UK operating market in large numbers in the 1990s. Beginning as a short wheelbase bus, some midibus designs have become as long as full size buses.
Developments such as the
Optare Solo have further blurred the distinctions between mini and midi buses.
Since the mid-1990s, all bus types have had to come into line with
Easy Access regulations, with the most notable change being the introduction of
low-floor technology. As of February 2008, 58% of the UK's bus fleet was low floor
Apart from a brief experiment in the 1980s in Sheffield, with the Leyland-DAB,
articulated buses, hadn't gained a foot hold in the UK market. In the new millennium, artics have started to be introduced in various parts of the UK, following a controversial initial introduction in London.
Services
Aside from normal urban and inter-urban services, bus transport in the UK also has a number of niche uses:
Express services
Park and Ride services
School bus services
Hail and Ride services
Demand responsive transport services
Long distance coach services
Private uses
Private use of bus transport in the United Kingdom encompasses tour buses, vehicles for hire, and holiday excursions/package tours.
Preservation
Interest in preservation of historical buses is maintained in the UK by various museums and heritage/preservation groups, ranging from attempts to restore a single bus, to whole collections. While many preserved buses are vintage, increasingly, 'modern' types, such as the Leyland National, are being preserved. With the fleet replacement of the major groups, it isn't uncommon for many preserved buses to still have contemporary models still in service.
Manufacturers
Early UK bus manufacturers included private companies such as Guy Motors, Leyland Motors and AEC. Some bus operating companies, such as the London General Omnibus Company and Midland Red, also manufactured buses.
During nationalisation, two UK manufacturers fell under government ownership, Bristol Commercial Vehicles and Eastern Coach Works. Later, Leyland Bus was also effectively nationalised.
Before, and increasingly after privatisation, foreign manufacturers such as Scania entered the UK market, followed by the likes of Mercedes-Benz.
Current British bus manufacturers include Alexander Dennis and Optare.
Enhancements
Following the failure of some light rail proposals in some UK towns to gain national funding on the Department of Transport's value for money assessment, several towns have turned to enhanced bus services as a cheaper alternative. Following limited historical use, such as in Runcorn and Birmingham, the use of guided bus technology and bus rapid transit schemes has increased in the UK.
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